| Original Article
| | | | | | Physical Function and Ego-Integrity in Frail and Non-frail Elders in a Local Community | Hyoyoung Kim,1and Myonghwa Park*2 | 1Doctoral Student, College of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
| 2College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
| *Corresponding author: Park, Myonghwa. College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 55 Munhwa-ro Jung-gu Daejeon 301-817, Korea. Tel: +82-42-580-8328, Fax: +82-42-580-8309, Email: mhpark@cnu.ac.kr | | Received August 12, 2013; Revised January 07, 2014; Accepted February 20, 2014.
| This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| | Abstract |
PurposeThis study was done to identify frail and non-frail elders in a local community based on the definitions of frailty and to compare physical function and ego-integrity. MethodsData were collected from August 1 to September 20, 2008 with 196 community-dwelling elders in Korea. Physical function was defined using physical performance, grip strength, walking speed, eye sight, hearing, chewing, activity of daily living, and ego-integrity. Five questionnaires with incomplete responses were not included in data analysis. ResultsOf the 191 elders, 37.2% were categorized as being in the frail group and 62.8% in the non-frail group. For physical function, significant differences were observed between the two groups for physical performance (p<.001), grip strength (p<.001), walking speed (p<.001), eye sight (p<.001), hearing (p<.001), and chewing (p<.001). Frail elders had significantly more ADL/IADL limitations than non-frail elders (p<.001). The mean total scores for ego-integrity were 89.68 and 112 for frail and non-frail elders, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was significant (t=-11.90, p<.001). ConclusionThe results of the study indicate a need to identify the frail elders in the community, explore their physical, emotional, and socio-psychological status, and develop effective interventions to prevent frailty. |
| | Keywords: Frailty, Elderly, Physical, Function, Ego. |
| |
| Table 1 Indicators of Frailty (N=191) |
|
| |
| Table 2 General Characteristic of Frail and Non-frail Elders (N=191) |
|
| |
| Table 3 Health Related Characteristics of Frail and Non-frail Elders (N=191) |
|
| |
| Table 4 Physical Function of Frail and Non-frail Elders (N=191) |
|
| |
| Table 5 Ego-Integrity of Frail and Non-frail Elders (N=191) |
|
| | 1. | Bandeen-Roche K, Xue QL, Ferrucci L, Walston J, Guralnik JM, Chaves P, et al. Phenotype of frailty: Characterization in the women's health and aging studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:262–266.
| | 2. | Chang HK, Sohn JN, Cha BK. Influencing factors on ego-integrity of the aged. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2004;13(1):64–71.
| | 3. | Choi JH, Lee KM, Kim HJ, Seo JW. The contributions of gender and physical activity levels on physical function, psychological function, and health-related quality of life in the elderly. Korean J Phys Educ 2004;43(6):975–983.
| | 4. | Choi K, Lee I. The concept of frailty: A review of the literature. Korean J Rehabil Nurs 2008;11:67–73.
| | 5. | Choi WS. A study on the elderly's ego integrity and death anxiety. J Korean Gerontol Soc 2007;27(4):755–773.
| | 6. | Erdfelder E, Faul F, Buchner A. GPower: A general power analysis program. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 1996;28(1):1–11.
| | 7. | Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Williamson J, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improving targeted care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:255–263.
| | 8. | Fried LP, Tanggen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56(3):M146–M156.
| | 9. | Galan-Mercant A, Cuesta-Vargas AI. Differences in trunk kinematic between frail and nonfrail elderly person during turn transition based on a smart-phone inertial sensor. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:279197.
| | 10. | Jeon EY, Kim KB. A study of factors that influence the promotion of healthy behavior in the elderly according to types of residency. J Korean Acad Nurs 2006;36(3):475–483.
| | 11. | Ju HJ. Influencing factors of ego integrity in the elderly. Gongju: Kongju National University; 2003.
| | 12. | Jung SY. Study on the ego integrity of the elderly volunteers. Seoul: Ewha Womans University; 2002.
| | 13. | Kim HJ. The strength of the muscle strengthening exercise facilities elderly, geunjiguryeok, everyday function and quality of life effects. Seoul: Seoul National University; 1994.
| | 14. | Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korean Elderly Survey 2008 (Issue No.11-1351000-000316-12). Seoul: Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2009 Feb.
| | 15. | Korea National Statistical Office. Population for elderly in 2009. 2009 Nov 24;Retrieved April 10, 2010
| | 16. | Lee I, Park YI, Park E, Lee SH, Jeong IS. Validation of instruments to classify the frailty of the elderly in community. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2011;22(3):302–314.
| | 17. | Lee JE, Kim JS, Yeum YH. Gender and physical activity levels of the elderly physical function, psychological function, and health-related quality of life impact. Korean J Health Educ Promot 2001;18(1):93–108.
| | 18. | Lee YH, Lee KJ, Han GS, Yoon SJ, Lee YK, Kim CH, et al. The development of physical functioning scale for community-dwelling older persons. Korean J Prev Med 2002;35(4):359–371.
| | 19. | Levers MJ, Estabrooks CA, Ross Kerr JC. Factors contributing to frailty: Literature review. J Adv Nurs 2006;56:282–291.
| | 20. | McDowell I. Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006.
| | 21. | Miller MD, Giles LC, Crotty M, Harrison JE, Andrew GR. A clinically relevant criterion for grip strength: relationship with falling in a sample of older adults. Nutr Diet 2005;60(4):248–252.
| | 22. | Ottenbacher KJ, Ostir GV, Peek MK, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Markides KS. Frailty in Mexican American older adult. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53(9):1524–1531.
| | 23. | Park BJ. The effect of seated complex excercise on functional fitness and activities of daily living in frail elderly. Seoul: Korea University; 2013.
| | 24. | Park CW, Park HS, Lee HY, Ho SH, Kim CO. Effects of visiting rehabilitation program against functional decline in the frail elderly: A prospective randomized community trial. J Korean Gerontol Soc 2010;30(4):1293–1309.
| | 25. | Park SY. A study on depression, ADL, IADL, and QOL among community-dwelling, low income elderly. J Korean Acad Public Health Nurs 2009;23(1):78–90.
| | 26. | Ravaglia G, Forti P, Lucicesare A, Pasacane N, Rietti E, Patterson C. Development of an easy prognostic score for frailty outcomes in the aged. Age Ageing 2008;37:161–166.
| | 27. | Rees HC, Ianas V, McCracken P, Smith S, Georgescu A, Zangeneh T, et al. Measuring frailty in HIV-infected individuals: Identification of frail patients is the first step to amelioration and reversal of frailty. J Vis Exp 2013;77:e50537.
| | 28. | Sunwoo D, Song HJ, Lee YH, Kim DJ. Study on development of health care services and coordinated system for frail elderly people. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; 2004.
| | 29. | Syddall H, Roberts HC, Evandrou M, Cooper C, Berman H, Sayer AA. Prevalence and correlates of frailty among community-dwelling older men and women: Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Age Ageing 2010;39:197–203.
| | 30. | Theou O, Jones G, Vandervoort AA, Jakobi JM. Daily muscle activity and quiescence in non-frail, pre-frail, and frail older women. Exp Gerontol 2010;45:909–917.
| | 31. | Walker SN, Sechrist KR, Pender NJ. The healthpromoting lifestyle profile: Development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res 1987;36(2):76–81.
| | 32. | Wilson JF. Frailty-and its dangerous effects-might be preventable. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:489–492.
| | 33. | Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL. Frailty: Emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the women's health initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1321–1330.
| |
|
|
|
|
|